The Donner Party, Ill-Fated Settlers Turned to Cannibalism

The Donner Party, Ill-Fated Settlers Turned to Cannibalism The Donner Party was a group of American settlers heading to California who became stranded in heavy snows in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 1846. Isolated in horrific conditions, about half of the original group of nearly 90 people died of starvation or exposure. Some of the survivors turned to cannibalism in order to survive. After those who managed to stay alive were rescued in early 1847, the story of horror in the mountains appeared in a California newspaper. The tale made its way east, circulated through newspaper articles, and became part of western lore. Fast Facts: The Donner Party About half of a group of nearly 90 settlers heading to California in 1846 starved when snowbound.Disaster was caused by taking an untested route which added weeks to the journey.Survivors eventually resorted to cannibalism.Story circulated widely through newspaper stories and books. Origin of the Donner Party The Donner Party was named for two families, George Donner and his wife and children, and George’s brother Jacob and his wife and children. They were from Springfield, Illinois, as was another family traveling with them, James Reed and his wife and children. Also from Springfield were various individuals associated with the Donner and Reed families. That original group left Illinois in April 1846 and arrived in Independence, Missouri, the following month. After securing provisions for the long trip westward, the group, along with other travelers from a variety of places, left Independence on May 12, 1846. (People would typically meet in Independence and decide to stick together for the journey westward, which is how some members of the Donner Party joined the group essentially by chance.) The group made good progress along the trail westward, and in about a week had met up with another wagon train, which they joined. The early part of the journey passed with no major problems. The George Donners wife had written a letter describing the early weeks of the trip which appeared in the newspaper back in Springfield. The letter also appeared in papers in the East, including the New York Herald, which published it on the front page. After passing Fort Laramie, a major landmark on the way west, they met up with a rider who gave them a letter which claimed that troops from Mexico (which was at war with the United States) might interfere with their passage ahead. The letter advised taking a shortcut called the Hastings Cutoff. Shortcut to Disaster After arriving at Fort Bridger (in present day Wyoming), the Donners, the Reeds, and others debated whether to take the shortcut. They were assured, falsely it turned out, that the traveling would be easy. Through a series of miscommunications, they did not receive warnings from those who knew otherwise. The Donner Party decided to take the shortcut, which led them into many hardships. The route, which took them on a southerly path about Great Salt Lake, was not clearly marked. And it was often very difficult passage for the groups wagon. The shortcut required passing over the Great Salt Lake Desert. The conditions were like nothing any of the travelers had seen before, with blistering heat by day and frigid winds at night. It took five days to cross the desert, leaving the 87 members of the party, including many children, exhausted. Some of the party’s oxen had died in the brutal conditions, and it became obvious that taking the shortcut had been a colossal blunder. Taking the promised shortcut had backfired, and put the group about three weeks behind schedule. Had they taken the more established route, they would have gotten across the final mountains before any chance of snowfall and arrived in California safely. Tensions in the Group With the travelers seriously behind schedule, anger flared in the group. In October the Donner families broke off to go ahead, hoping to make better time. In the main group, an argument broke out between a man named John Snyder and James Reed. Snyder struck Reed with an ox whip, and Reed responded by stabbing Snyder and killing him. The killing of Snyder happened beyond U.S. laws, as it was then Mexican territory. In such a circumstance, it would be up to the members of a wagon train to decide how to dispense justice. With the groups leader, George Donner, at least a day’s travel ahead, the others decided to banish Reed from the group. With high mountains still to cross, the party of settlers was in disarray and deeply distrustful of each other. They had already endured more than their share of hardships on the trails, and seemingly endless problems, including bands of Native Americans raiding at night and stealing oxen, continued to plague them. Trapped by Snow Arriving at the Sierra Nevada mountain range at the end of October, early snows were already making the journey difficult. When they reached the vicinity of Truckee Lake (now called Donner Lake), they discovered the mountain passes they needed to cross were already blocked by snowdrifts. Attempts to get over the passes failed. A group of 60 travelers settled into crude cabins which had been built and abandoned two years earlier by other settlers passing by. A smaller group, including the Donners, set up a camp a few miles away. Stranded by impassable snow, the supplies quickly dwindled. The travelers had never seen such snow conditions before, and attempts by small parties to walk onward to California to get help were thwarted by the deep snowdrifts. Facing starvation, people ate the carcasses of their oxen. When the meat ran out, they were reduced to boiling ox hide and eating it. At times people caught mice in the cabins and ate them. In December, a party of 17, consisting of men, women, and children, set out with snowshoes they had fashioned. The party found the traveling nearly impossible, but kept moving westward. Facing starvation, some of the party resorted to cannibalism, eating the flesh of those who had died. At one point, two Nevada Indians who had joined the group before they headed into the mountains were shot and killed so their flesh could be eaten. (That was the only instance in the story of the Donner Party where people were killed to be eaten. The other instances of cannibalism occurred after people had died of exposure or starvation.) One member of the party, Charles Eddy, eventually managed to wander into a village of the Miwok tribe. The Native Americans gave him food, and after he reached white settlers at a ranch, he managed to get a rescue party together. They found the six survivors of the snowshoe group. Back at the camp by the lake, one of the travelers, Patrick Breen, had started keeping a diary. His entries were brief, at first just descriptions of the weather. But over time he began noting the increasingly desperate conditions as more and more of those stranded succumbed to starvation. Breen survived the ordeal and his diary was eventually published. Rescue Efforts One of the travelers who had gone ahead in October became increasingly alarmed when the Donner Party never showed up at Sutter’s Fort in California. He tried to raise the alarm and eventually was able to inspire what eventually amounted to four separate rescue missions. What the rescuers discovered was disturbing. The survivors were emaciated. And in some of the cabins rescuers discovered bodies which had been butchered. A member of a rescue party described finding a body with the head sawed open so the brains could be extracted. The various mutilated bodies were gathered together and buried in one of the cabins, which was then burned to the ground. Of the 87 travelers who entered the mountains on the final phase of the journey, 48 survived. Most of them stayed in California. Legacy of the Donner Party Stories about the Donner Party began to circulate immediately. By the summer of 1847 the story had reached the newspaper in the East. The New York Tribune published a story on August 14, 1847, which gave some grim details. The Weekly National Intelligencer, a Washington, D.C. newspaper, published a story on October 30, 1847, which described the terrible suffering of the Donner Party. An editor of a local newspaper in Truckee, California, Charles McGlashan, became something of an expert on the story of the Donner Party. In the 1870s he talked to survivors and pieced together a comprehensive account of the tragedy. His book, History of the Donner Party: A Tragedy of the Sierra, was published in 1879 and went through many editions. The story of the Donner Party has lived on, through a number of books and films based on the tragedy. In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, many settlers heading to California took what happened as a serious warning not to lose time on the trail and not to take unreliable shortcuts. Sources: Distressing News. American Eras: Primary Sources, edited by Sara Constantakis, et al., vol. 3: Westward Expansion, 1800-1860, Gale, 2014, pp. 95-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Brown, Daniel James.  The Indifferent Stars Above: The Harrowing Saga of the Donner Party. William Morrow Company, 2015.

How to Determine a Reliable Source on the Internet

How to Determine a Reliable Source on the Internet It can be frustrating to conduct online research because internet sources can be quite unreliable. If you find an online article that provides relevant information for your research topic, you should take care to investigate the source to make sure it is valid and reliable. This is an essential step in maintaining sound research ethics. It is your responsibility as a researcher to find and use trustworthy sources. Methods to Investigate Your Source Investigate the Author In most cases, you should stay away from internet information that doesnt provide the name of an author. While the information contained in the article may be true, it is more difficult to validate information if you dont know the credentials of the author. If the author is named,  find their website to: Verify educational creditsDiscover if the writer is published in a scholarly journalSee if the writer has published a book from a university pressVerify that the writer is employed by a research institution or university Observe the URL If the information is linked to an organization, try to determine the reliability of the sponsoring organization. One tip is the URL ending. If the site name ends with .edu, it is most likely an educational institution. Even so, you should be aware of political bias. If a site ends in .gov, it is most likely a reliable government website. Government sites are usually good sources for statistics and objective reports. Sites that end in .org are usually non-profit organizations. They can be very good sources or very poor sources, so youll have to take care to research their possible agendas or political biases if they exist. For instance, collegeboard.org is the organization that provides the SAT and other tests. You can find valuable information, statistics, and advice on that site. PBS.org is a non-profit organization that provides educational public broadcasts. It provides a wealth of quality articles on its site. Other sites with the .org ending are advocacy groups that are highly political. While it is entirely possible to find reliable information from a site like this,  be mindful of the political slant and acknowledge this in your work. Online Journals and Magazines A reputable journal or magazine should contain a bibliography for every article. The list of sources within that bibliography should be pretty extensive, and it should include scholarly non-Internet sources. Check for statistics and data within the article to back up the claims made by the author. Does the writer provide evidence to support his statements? Look for citations of recent studies, perhaps with footnotes and see if there are primary quotes from other relevant experts in the field. News Sources ï » ¿Every television and print news source has a website. To some extent, you can rely on the most trusted news sources such as CNN and the BBC, but you should not rely on them exclusively. After all, network and cable news stations are involved in entertainment. Think of them as a stepping stone to more reliable sources.

SLP 2 HRM - 402 CONDUCTING NEED ASSESSMENTS Essay

SLP 2 HRM - 402 CONDUCTING NEED ASSESSMENTS - Essay Example This process also helps new employees to know what the organization expects from them. Implementation of training strategies in organizations also helps in attracting a pool of qualified employees who want to join organizations that also consider their professional development. This process also helps organizations have employees who are able to support their goals, which in turn supports their growth and expansion. Training also improves the level of motivation and efficiency of employees. Finally, this process decreases the need for employees to be supervised. This means that supervisors can use the time to perform more productive activities in the organization. Employees usually need to be trained in various areas from the time when they join and organization, for example, new employees need to be trained on the goals and objective of the company. They also need to be trained on how the company expects them to perform their duties. This is crucial because organizations do not have the same way of performing tasks. New employees will benefit in terms of being able to easily perform their duties. They will be more comfortable and confident in their tasks. Training is also crucial when new processes or technologies are introduced to the company. This will help employees gain knowledge on how to better perform tasks. New technology is useless if employees do not know how to make use of them. Employees will benefit by being more efficient in their duties as they apply the new processes or technologies. The process of training is intricate and challenging. Organizations need to divide up the process of training in different separate steps. For training to be successful, it is crucial for the organization to perform a training needs assessment. This makes sure that training concentrates on an employee’s weakness in order to improve the quality and the quantity of output. With a greater knowledge of the training

Analytic and critical thinking essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analytic and critical thinking - Essay Example Nevertheless, through the enlightenment he acquired through the teachings of Buddha, he was able to acquire wisdom and understanding and therefore was able to live an exemplary life. This paper then looks deeper into the perceptions of Thich Nhat Hanh and why he claims that death is non-existent, reflecting Buddhist philosophies. In his journey to understanding what death is all about, Hanh experienced illumination during one of his meditative states. He saw a japonica bush that blossomed one winter when warmer days came quite early. However, when winter conditions took its natural course, the blossoms fell to the ground. When the weather got warm again, another set of flowers blossomed and the wonderment whether those were the same blossoms that fell to the ground or whether they are different was asked by the hermit. The answer of the blossoms gave a new understanding to the seeker of truth and there begun his freedom from grief regarding death. He observes that the blossoms  "were not the same and not different† (Hanh). When the day became warm during winter, it was a condition that allowed the flowers to blossom and they manifested themselves. However, when the conditions changed, bringing the cold gloomy days which are not a convenient for the flowers to thrive, they fell from the bush instead but showed themselves again when the circumstances permitted their existence. Nevertheless, that is not considered the dying of the flowers. This perfectly exemplifies the belief of the Buddha that â€Å"when conditions are sufficient, something manifests and we say it exists† (8). The blossoming and falling of the flowers are considered in Buddhism, as a condition wherein they have hidden themselves because the weather condition is not well-suited or convenient for them. Another insightful example the Hanh presents in trying to explain his perspective is that, death only brings a person to another level of being. To expound further, he likens peopl e to radio waves which, â€Å"without a radio, we do not manifest† (12). This means that there is a tangible and an intangible part of us. The tangible part, which is the body, may die and eventually decay. However, there is an intangible part which becomes ever present to his loved ones. A loved one whose body has gone is not actually gone forever but is always present evidenced by the ground their feet once trod, an abode or even a person’s very self. Buddhists believe just because one is not physically seen does not mean he is not present. Rather, it is only the body wherein a person once manifested himself that is gone. Coming from a family whose parents are divorced, this notion is a great help for my coping. Although I live with my mother only, I do not see myself as without my father. Distance is not what defines his existence but it is who he is in me. I am his son, his blood runs through my veins and somehow, I know that he is there with me even if I do not se e him. Similarly, when death comes, it only separates me from my loved ones physically but their presence is always felt even though I do not see them. Death and grief are difficult to overcome. Some people even violate their own lives because they are not able to cope with the emotions brought about by this incident.

Environmental Impacts & Consumption Essay Example for Free

Environmental Impacts Consumption Essay In an article examining resource consumption in the Welsh capital of Cardiff, Collins, et al. (2006) provide a critique of the tool known as the Ecological Footprint that has, in recent years, gained increasing currency in the assessment of anthropogenic environmental impact, as well as a brief history of its development and its implementation. By thoroughly scrutinizing the limitations and implications of Footprint methodology, Collins, et al. concluded which critical areas of consumption need to be addressed in Cardiff. Ultimately, the researchers’ goal is to provide a comprehensive value assessment of the Ecological Footprint methodology in relation to its utility in the development of sustainability policies. The article in question is entitled, â€Å"The Environmental Impacts of Consumption at a Subnational Level: The Ecological Footprint of Cardiff,† by John Barrett, Andrea Collins, Andrew Flynn, and Thomas Wiedmann. It was published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology in 2006. In it, Collins, et al, discussed the history of the Ecological Footprinting methodology, noting that it is premised on the idea that the planet has a limited ability to provide for all human resource demands. Therefore, any policy decisions regarding resource use must take this into account by balancing planetary limits against economic growth. Collins, et al, posited that humanity is currently in a state of overshoot, in which natural capital is being used faster than the planet can replenish it. Despite the strong interest which governments have taken to the use of Ecological Footprint as a sustainability indicator, it faces some criticism: Some have argued that it does not accurately reflect the impact of human consumption. Others maintain that it does not apportion the responsibility for impact in any useful manner. Regardless, Collins et al asserted that the Ecological Footprint is at the very least, useful to policy makers due to its power to communicate the link between consumption and impact. One of the key themes of the article was the need for measurements of sustainability and resource use to be fair and legitimate ones. In effect, the concern was that for any meaningful changes to be made regarding improving matters of sustainability in the city of Cardiff (or any other city for that matter) it would be necessary that data obtained is actually useful to the formulation of sustainability policy any resource use. To do otherwise, would only stymie progress in these areas or result in what other pundits have called, â€Å"greenwashing† which is the illusory notion of sustainability. As such, footprinting is designed to use standardized official and annual statistics and expenditure data to establish substantial links between personal consumption and environmental impacts, with resource use being the chain between them. As a city that has become driven primarily by finance, retail and tourism as its chief economic sectors, Cardiff’s participation in manufacturing has declined significantly over the years and developed a moderately prosperous lifestyle. However, its residents live an unsustainable lifestyle, using three times the average â€Å"earthshare,† and placing them well into overshoot. Furthermore, a majority of the resource consumption residents engage in is derived from food, travel, energy and consumables. The result is that dramatic changes will be necessary to address this. Ultimately, it is personal consumption rather than local industry that puts Cardiff residents in the position of being unequitable in their use of resources, and requires reframing social practices and institutional structures to undo these habits. These consumption domains include food and drink, with the primary area of concern being energy-intense preparation methods; transport, with concern directed towards private transportation; and tourism, with their intense reliance on catered food being of concern. In conclusion, Collins, et al, argued that Footprinting is of great utility in measuring impacts, but it must also be balanced against recognition of contexts which consumption should be set against: In the case of Cardiff, it should not be used to flatten the individual experiences of consumption, nor should its organizational nuances be neglected in assessing impacts. Simply put, the Footprint methodology is only as useful as the context it is set against, and the extent to which it is refined for socio-economic groups or geographic/subnational ones.

Morality in the Epic of Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf’s story is somewhat of an allegory in which he is depicted as the Christ figure. The theme of Beowulf is a contrast of good and evil which is manifest in both Christian and pagan elements; Beowulf represents good, while Grendel, his mother, and the dragon represent evil. The first monster our hero, Beowulf, faces is Grendel. Grendel is said to be a descendant of Cain. â€Å"Unhappy creature (Grendel), he lived for a time in the home of the monsters’ race, after God had condemned them as kin of Cain† (Norton, 28). Cain is the son of Eve, the woman who bore sin into the world. A connection, however vague, can be made between the maternal relations of Eve and Cain and Grendel and his mother. Grendel’s mother can be considered to personify man’s fall from grace and Grendel himself might embody sin. Furthermore, the dragon Beowulf battles can be said to be a picture of Satan: â€Å"the smooth hateful dragon who flies at night wrapped in flameâ⠂¬  (56). When facing Grendel, Beowulf relies on God alone to protect him, saying, "†¦may wise God, Holy Lord, assign glory on whichever hand seems good to Him† (36). When Beowulf tears off Grendel’s arm, Hrothgar remarks, â€Å"I endured much from the foe, many griefs from Grendel† (39). It could be said that the Christian foe is sin, which causes much grief. Against Grendel’s mother, original sin, Beowulf becomes the Christian soldier. When Beowulf struggles against Grendel’s mother, God grants him a precious gift: â€Å"The Wielder of Men granted me that I should see hanging on the wall a fair, ancient, great-sword – most often He has guided the man without friends – that I should wield the weapon† (Norton, 48). This great sword is further described as â€Å"a victory-blessed blade, an old sword made by the giants†¦ the work of giants† (Norton, 47). The sword used to slay Grendel’s mother is work of her ancestral giants, who were godly until they fell from grace. â€Å"From (Cain) sprang all bad breeds, trolls and elves and monsters – likewise the giants who for a long time strove with God† (Norton, 28). Therefore, the sword was god-forged and godly. Here the hero is using â€Å"the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God† to prevail (The Book of Ephesians 6.17, Bible). In his battle with the dragon (which may represent Satan) Beowulf is martyred, losing his life in the of the killing the dragon.

Northampton Coursework – Delimiting the Central Business District

My study is located in Northampton, it is a large town with total population of 197,000 (according to the 2001 census), third largest in England at 21st largest settlement in England. It is located in the East midlands region of England, roughly 67 miles North West of London and lies on the river Nene which forms the border between Cambridgeshire and Norfolk and also is the ninth longest river in England and the twelfth longest in the United Kingdom. Northampton has Junctions 15,15a and a6 of M1 London to North Yorkshire. The A45 and A43 which have primary destinations to Coventry, Rugby, Wellingborough, Kettering and Corby. Northampton has railway services to London and Birmingham provided by London Midland and Virgin Trains. Sywell aerodrome is the nearest airfield which only has a grass runway but for international links, East midlands and Luton airport are quickly accessible via M1/M6 and also by train. Bus services are operated by Stagecoach, First Northampton and MK metro form Greyfriars Bus station in the town. History Northampton is the fastest growing town in England and has applied for city status. Traditionally was a shoe making and leather making town which decreased in 1960 but although some remain. Northampton in the past has been a secondary industry area but now is mainly a tertiary industry containing lots of services such as shopping malls cinemas and restraunts scattered around the town. Northampton has its own university named Northampton University. The town centre also contains many leisure and entertainment spots such as the Derngate theatre which has a capacity of 1200-1400 people at once. The Grosvenor centre and peacock place offer a large indoor shopping facilities however the market square offers an exceptional outdoor shopping facility. Local pubs also provide a great night out while on the other hand the sporting clubs offer a great chance to get involved. Theory There are two types of land use models, Hoyt model and the Burgess model. The Central Business District of a town or a city is usually located in the centre of the city or town. The CBD can be divided into two distinct concentric areas called the core and the Frame. The frame of the CBD has land uses such as office areas, some derelict land, limited light manufacturing, small shop/low grade, specialist services e.g. medical, etc. The core of the CBD is different to the frame because it contains low residential population, some vertical zoning with use of first/second floor, high density of pedestrians, concentration of banks/ business, etc. The PLVI is in the centre of the CBD and means Peak Land Value Intersection, meaning the place with the highest land value. In this investigation we are aiming to delimit the Central Business District of Northampton. Hypotheses 1. Over 70%of land use in the Grosvenor centre will be for high order comparison goods. 2. The highest pedestrian flows will be recorded on Abington Street. 3. The lowest Environmental quality scores will be recorded in the Greyfriars Area. 4. Environmental Quality will be highest in the Grosvenor centre. 5. The age of the buildings will decrease as you travel further form the CBD. 6. Highest traffic will be in the frame as there are car parks and major ring roads in the frame. Methodology (Data Collection techniques) We will collect data in Northampton on Friday the June 19, 2009. We will leave Weavers school at 9 am sharp and return back to school at 3 pm approximately. We will spend roughly 45 minutes in each of our study areas. We have split the centre of Northampton into 6 study areas and they are Greyfriars, Upper Abingdon Street, St Giles Street, Market Square, The Grosvenor Centre and Gold Street/Bridge Street. In each area we will organise ourselves into of 3-5 people so that we can collect data on land use, height of the buildings which will help us delimit the CBD of Northampton. These types of data are primary data but we may also look for sources of secondary data such as leaflets and maps. The selection of Northampton as our study area We chose Northampton as our study area for a number for reasons such as; * Northampton is convenient as it is only 8 miles from Wellingborough. * Northampton is familiar to us and we can revisit it if necessary to collect further information. * We believe Northampton is a typical of a large English town. * Northampton town is a manageable size to survey in a school day. * We have a particular interest in Northampton as it is our county town. * Northampton would be an easy place to study as we have all been there before a number of times. Hypothesises explained 1. Over 70% of the land use in the Grosvenor centre will be for high order comparison as only companies with high profits can afford the high land costs. 2. The highest pedestrian flows will be recorded on Abingdon Street as there are more services and shops for people to shop. 3. The lowest environmental quality scores will be recorded in the Greyfriars area as there is a bus station which pollutes it with air pollution. 4. Environmental Quality will be highest in the Grosvenor centre as it the major shopping area in Northampton. 5. The age of the buildings will decrease as you travel further from the CBD because it costs too much to rebuild as the land prices are high and so are the health and safety risks. 6. Highest traffic will be in the frame as there are car parks and major ring roads in the frame. Conducting a Land Use survey The purpose of conducting a land use survey is to discover the pattern of land use in the study area and attempt to map the edge of the frame and core of the CBD as this is the aim of the whole project. The procedure to conduct a land use is as follows: during the 45mins which are allowed in each of the 6 areas we code each building according to its land use with letters. The land use code varies e.g. PB for public buildings, LO for low order shops, etc. The type of data collected is qualitative as it describes type of use of each building. The advantage of this sort of data is that actually describes the type of building and is quick and easy however it doesn't tell an exact number of buildings in each category. The sampling technique is systematic as this ensures that the whole area is covered without gaps. Conducting a Traffic survey The Purpose of conducting of a traffic survey is to discover where the highest traffic counts are as theory suggests that they will be in the frame as there are lots of parking spaces. The procedure is as follows: Stand at a safe place by the side of the road and record the number of vehicles of different categories that pass you in each five minute period. The type of data is quantitative. The advantage of this sort of data is that it gives an exact number however it doesn't tell what type of vehicle it is, this would matter as if it is a local bus or a lorry are for business purposes while a car is for personal purposes. The sampling technique is systematic point sampling as we don't miss as vehicles which pass us. Conducting a Pedestrian count The purpose of conducting a pedestrian count is to discover where the highest pedestrian counts are as theory suggests they will be in the core of the CBD as there are lots of shops and services. The procedure is as follows: stand in a place where you can clearly see in both directions on the street and count the number of people that pass you in a five minute period using a tally chart. The type of data is collected is quantitative. The advantage of this sort of data is that is tells the exact number of people walking by however it doesn't tell what purpose are the people coming in the town for as this would show what is the use made by people of a particular area. The sampling technique is systematic point sampling so we don't miss any people which pass us. Conducting an Environmental quality survey The purpose of conducting an environmental quality survey is to assess the quality of the environment as in the theory the scores should be higher towards the centre of the CBD as there normally are regular cleaning schedules. The procedure is as follows: give each particular criteria a point on a 5 point rating scale which extends from +2 to -2, the criteria varies from visual impression to pollution etc. The type of data collected is quantitative. The advantage of this sort of data is that it tells exactly how polluted the area is however it doesn't tell what part of the CBD is polluted the most as there are no words and this matters because there is no point getting numbers but don't know where they come from. Data analysis and interpretation Land use- Area 1 The largest category of land use in area 1 is derelict with 21% of the total. This may be because of the current recession which affects the company's profits, closing them down. Other types of land use that are well represented include public buildings. This may be because there is good transport near it, the Greyfriars bus station in the area so the public can access the buildings. Therefore it is likely to be in the frame as it has good transport services. Land use- Area 2 The largest category of land use in area 2 is other services with 20% of the total. This may be because it has high pedestrian count, so more people can access it. Other types of land use that are well represented in area 2 include public buildings, offices and food shops. This may be because it has high pedestrian count, as it has lots of varieties of shops and services. Therefore it could be in the core as there are lots of services. Land use- Area 3 The largest category of land use in area 3 is offices with 15% of the total. This may be because it is a easily accessible area so people working in the office can access it. Other types of land use that are well represented in area 3 include financial services. This may be the fact it is mainly offices. Therefore it could be in the core as it has lots of financial services. Land use- Area 4 The largest category of the land use in the area 4 is public buildings. This may be because it is has lots of roads and a market square that people access normally, so a good place of public buildings that can be accessed be the local public. Other types of land use that are well represented in the area 4 include other services and high order comparison. This may be because, as it is next to the Grosvenor centre which his very high pedestrian counts, it is a location. Therefore this could be in the core as there are lots of services in the area. Land use- Area 5 The largest category of the land use in the area 5 is High Order shops with 40% of the total. This may be because as this area has high pedestrian flow so more people are likely to enter the shop and by goods. Other types of land use that are well represented in area 5 include Low order shops. This may be because as there is high pedestrian flow. Therefore this could be the PLVI as it is a prime shopping area with the most high order comparison shops. Land use- Area 6 The largest category of land use in area 1 is Other Services with 27% of the total. This may be because it is in a high pedestrian area and near major roads. Other types of land use that are well represented in area 6 include low order. This may be because this area is near Market square and Grosvenor centre. Therefore this could be in the core as it has quite a few services. Comparing Traffic flow in different areas The average value of number of vehicles that pass a fixed point in a minute is 41. The range of data was 92. The highest value recorded was 118 vehicles per 2 minutes at the top of Abington Street (area 2) near the A5123, this is 92 more than the lowest value and 77 more than the average. The lowest value was 26 at Drapery (area 4), this is 1 higher that bridge street (area 6) and 16 less than sheep street (area 1). As Grosvenor centre is a shopping centre, traffic flow is not applicable and the average and range were calculated excluding Grosvenor centre. Generally, as the distance from the Grosvenor centre increases so does the traffic flow. We expected to find the highest traffic flow in area 1 as there is a major bus station Greyfriars but instead we found that area 2 has the highest traffic flow. Comparing the Environmental quality of different areas The average environmental quality score was -2 while the range was 25. The highest score was 11 for the Grosvenor centre (area 5), which is 25 points higher than the lowest -14 at bridge street (area 6) and 13 higher than the average. Drapery (area 4) had a score of zero. Castilian Street (area 3) was the second lowest with -9, this 11 less than Abington Street and 7 more than Sheep Street (area 1). Generally, the further away from the Grosvenor centre lower the scores are. Grosvenor also had the best building condition and appearance but no plants or trees, while Bridge Street had the lowest building condition and appearance score also very polluted. We were expecting to find the Grosvenor centre the cleanest as it is the centre of the town and indeed we found Grosvenor centre to be the cleanest. Comparing the Age of buildings of different areas Most buildings were Post War (1946-1969). There were also a few Victorian (1830-1900) and Pre Victorian buildings (before 1830) dotted round the town. There were also some Pre World War 2 (1901-1945).However, the Grosvenor centre, the Multi-story car park, Job centre and few others are modern buildings (1970 -2009). As, so far the Grosvenor centre has been suggested by our data that it is the PLVI, normally the centre of the CBD is quite old and as you go further away the building age decreases. This is an anomaly that we have discovered because the centre of the CBD has the youngest buildings. We were expecting to find the PLVI/Core to be the oldest. Comparing the Pedestrian count of different areas The highest recorded count was 209 on Abington street (area 2) while the lowest on Hazelwood road (area 3) at just 3. Generally Area 2 has the highest count and so does the Grosvenor centre. We expected to find the highest count on Abington Street and indeed we did find that. The range of the data was 206 this suggests that the counts vary a lot from place to place. Looking back at our hypothesis Our first hypothesis was that â€Å"Over 70% of the land use in the Grosvenor centre will be for high order shops†. However, only 39% of the shops were high order which doesn't support the hypothesis but as Grosvenor has the highest percentage of high order comparison shops, it is the Peak Land Value Intersection at the centre of the central business district. Our second hypothesis was that â€Å"The highest pedestrian flows will be recorded on Abington Street†. Our data supports the hypothesis as the highest, 209 people, were recorded. This suggests that Abington Street is in the core of the CBD, also as it is a pedestrianised street it should definitely be in core. Our third hypothesis was that â€Å"The lowest environmental quality scores will be recorded in the Greyfriars area†. Our data challenges the hypothesis as the lowest score was recorded on Bridge Street. This suggests that Bridge Street is not in the core as it is not clean, generally the core of the CBD normally clean. Our fourth hypothesis was that â€Å"Environmental Quality will be highest in the Grosvenor centre†. Our data supports the hypothesis as Grosvenor centre scored 11 points, 25 more than the lowest. This suggests that Grosvenor centre is in the Core as it is the cleanest. Our fifth hypothesis was that â€Å"The age of the buildings will decrease as you travel further from the CBD†. Our data challenges this hypothesis, as the apparent PLVI is the Grosvenor centre, Grosvenor centre is a modern building (1970- 2009) while the building around it are mainly Post war (1946-1969). This suggests that Grosvenor centre is in the not in the CBD. Our sixth hypothesis was that â€Å"Highest traffic will be in the frame†. Our data shows that A5123 near Abington street has the highest traffic flow. This suggests that A5123 is in the frame as it has high traffic flow because frame has major ring roads and transport services. Reaching conclusions about the location of the core and the frame of the CBD Abington Street is definitely in the core because it has the highest pedestrian count also there are lots of high order shops. Grosvenor centre is also definitely in the core, in fact it is the Peak Land Value Intersection because it has the highest percentage of high order shops, and also it is the cleanest of all. A5123 road is definitely in the frame because it has the highest traffic flow. While, Greyfriars is also in the frame because it a major bus station, frame normally has lots transport services. Bridge street is also in the frame because has the poorest environmental quality. The boundary between the core and the frame is between Market Square and the Grosvenor centre, because market square is low order while Grosvenor centre is high order. The other boundary appears to be where Fish street meets St Giles street because there are much lower pedestrian counts and number of high order shops on St Giles street than on Fish street and Abington Street. Furthermore, The Junction near Abington street, A5123 is another boundary between the core and the frame because A5123 has the highest traffic flow while Abington street pedestriansed. There also another boundary, which is between the multistory car park (behind Grosvenor center) and the Grosvenor centre, as frame usually contains car parks while the Grosvenor is high order so it must be in the core. Evaluation of the investigation The investigation has been a success as we have rightfully discovered the extent of the core and the frame in the CBD also boundaries of the core and the frame. The collection of all the data and reaching the conclusion worked well as a part of the investigation because useful and understandable conclusions were reached also the data was effectively collected. The time period was quite short but long enough to get basic data, however for more accurate and precise data more places within the town should have been surveyed and for that longer time period would be needed. So at least 2 day trip should be organised the next time. Also we found the CBD being an anomaly as the youngest buildings were in the core, to improve this an another study place should be selected such as Milton Keynes. The results could also be compared with a similar case study in an LEDC as this would provide a greater comparison. The data might not be reliable as this data was collected during one of the worst recession, this increases the number of the derelict buildings and the total number of shops, offices, etc in the area. For example, a particular area in Northampton before the recession area could be full of high order shops but now because of recession it may be all derelict, so this affects the reliability. This is supported as we did find derelict shops even in the Grosvenor centre. The validity is also affected, the data is still valid because there wasn't an areas that was fully or mostly derelict, the impact of the recession was spread out not targeted in a particular area. We can trust our findings as these are all factual figures collected by ourselves.

A Case Study on Global Warming

Global warming is the steady escalation of the temperature of the earth’s lower atmosphere which started in mid-20th century and its expected continuation (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). It poses heavy environmental and economic problems as widely publicized works, studies and reports have shown.Changes to the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation are attributed to global warming. This in turn is said to cause glacial recoil, Arctic shrinkage, and worldwide increase in sea level. These changes consequently modify, damage, or even destroy natural habitats which lead to species extinction. Harsh effects on agriculture, reductions in the ozone layer, extreme weather events are more likely to be experienced brought about by global warming.According to the 100 peer reviewed estimates conducted by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2005, the average is US$12 per tonne of CO2, but range -$3 to $95/tCO2. On the other hand, Nicholas Stern ag gregates the economic impact of global warming through gross domestic products (GDP). In his report entitled the Stern Review, he concludes that global GDP might go down by one percent and that global per capita consumption to fall by 20 percent due to extreme weather condition.What is the most probable cause of â€Å"global warming†?Global warming is caused by an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere such as water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and ozone. Greenhouse effect by water vapor is around 36-70%; CO2 9-26%; methane 4-9% and ozone 3-7% .Greenhouse gases are like â€Å"mirrors† that reflect back to the earth the heat energy, which would otherwise be dispersed in space. This phenomenon is the â€Å"greenhouse effect† which is exacerbated when there are plenty of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.   

A critical analysis of the Book essays

A critical analysis of the Book essays Although she was disabled, she was as responsive as the young men were to the culture of Glen Ridge. (Lefkowitz: 9) Leslie Faber, her real name concealed for privacy, was a seventeen year old mentally challenged female who was coerced into the basement of the Scherzer house where she was promised that her dream date Paul Archer would be waiting for her. Having grown up in the town of Glen Ridge, Leslie had previous social relations with the boys who were in the basement. All of the boys were quite familiar with her mental disability that allowed her to be easily coerced and manipulated. Despite the fact that the Scherzers grandmother was upstairs, or that six of the thirteen boys left when the assault on Leslie first began, Kyle and Kevin Scherzer, Chris and Paul Archer, Bryant Grober, Peter Quigley, and Richard Corcoran continued with their rape of Leslie Faber. Directly after the attack, the boys told Leslie that she must keep the incident a secret with threats that they would no longer be her friend, she would be kicked out of school, and that her mother would be mad at her. Well be ma d at you if you talk about this, youll get kicked out of your school, well tell your mother if you break our secret (Lefkowitz: 25). The six seniors and one junior high school boy involved in the gang rape had a history of behavioral misconduct in the Glen Ridge community. Some examples of their misbehavior include: disrespectful attitudes to those in authority, sexual exposure in school, stealing money from the girls purses at the Candy Cane Ball, and the vandalism of property at a students party. However, regardless of these actions, the boys were never seriously punished. They were viewed as town heroes; they were attractive young athletes who were involved in football, wrestling, and baseball. These sports were some of the most important and prestigious insti...

Infographic How to Apply for College, Step by Step

Infographic How to Apply for College, Step by Step SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The college application process can be a long and difficult journey for high school students. Organizing your application materials well in advance and paying attention to deadlines is critical. You should also start researching colleges earlier rather than later so that you can account for each school's specific application requirements. In this infographic, I've broken down the actions you need to take to be prepared for college applications starting at the beginning of your junior year through to your senior spring. Applying to collegeisn't as intimidating as it might seem! There are certain basic steps you will need to take beginning in your junior year. Ideally, you should take the SAT or ACT for the first time your junior fall to give yourself plenty of time to improve your scores before you apply to college. The early to middle part of junior year is also the best time to begin researching colleges. This ties into potentially retaking the SAT or ACT if you find that the colleges that interest you are looking for higher scores. In the spring of your junior year, it's a good idea to ask teachers if they are willing to write recommendation letters for you. Asking for letters early on will ensure that the teachers you've chosen are on board, and the letters themselves may turn out better since your teachers will have more time to think about what they want to say. In the summer before senior year, you can make your final college list and start looking at the specific requirements for each school. This is also a good time to prep for your last chance at standardized tests and begin thinking about your college essay. You should write a first draft of your essay in the summer so that you won't have to worry too much about it during the school year. When you're trying to fill out applications and manage your classes at the same time, the essay can seem like an overwhelming responsibility. Once your senior year starts, you should submit formal requests for recommendation letters to the teachers who agreed to write them for you in the spring. If you're planning on taking the SAT or ACT one last time, your final chance will be in October or November if you're applying early decision. Most early action and early decision applications are due by November 15th, and you will get back the decisions about a month later in mid-December. Regular decision applications are typically due around January 1st, but colleges have different policies for how late you can submit your SAT or ACT scores. Often, students are permitted to submit scores from tests taken as late as February, but make sure to look up schools individually to see what's allowed. You should be notified about the status of your regular decision applications by late March.All that's left after that is to choose your favorite college out of the schools where you were accepted. This might be the hardest part of the whole process (but in a good way)! What's Next? Are you interested in highly competitive colleges? Find out more about the most selective schools and how to ensure that you have the best chance of being accepted. If you're struggling to start writing your college essay, read this article to learn which prompt you should choose and how you can being the brainstorming process. Extracurricular activities will be an important aspect of your college application. Find out more about extracurriculars and why you should have them! Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Dissertation paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Dissertation paraphrasing - Essay Example It is a major concern to reduce the carbon emissions by utilizing the clean sources of energy. Most of the power generated in the Saudi Arabia is from the thermal power plants and there is a need to utilize sustainable resources such as wind and solar energy. Jeddah is situated near Mecca and plays a main role in consuming electricity. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a leading country in the middle east of the Arabian Peninsula. The Area covered by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is almost twenty one and a half million square kilometres (2,150,000 sq km). Islamic laws are followed in the country and people lead their lives according to Holy Quran and Prophet’s Sunnah. The present monarch of the country is King Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz who is also guardian of the two holy mosques. The capital city of the country is Riyadh, which is also the biggest city of the country. The total urban area of the city is one thousand five hundred and fifty four square kilometres (1554 sq km). 4.6 million People are residing in the city of Riyadh. The second biggest city of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia with an urban area of seven hundred and forty eight square kilometres (748 sq km) is Jeddah. It located on the coastal line of Red Sea. Almost 3.4 million people are residing in the city of Jeddah. An approximated population of the Ki ngdom of Saudi Arabia is 28.7 million in which 5.6 million people are non-natives and rest are natives. The urban population of the country is almost 82% of the total population. The weather in the Arabian Peninsula is a bit harsh as compared to other places. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has coastal as well as desert regions. In the country’s southwest mountains are also present. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has both dry and humid weather. The major part of the desert is deserted and except some tribes, no one faces the extreme weather of the